附錄
/
國際音標輸入法
輔音
肺部氣流輔音
雙脣
脣齒
齒
齒齦
齦後
齦齶
捲舌
硬齶
軟齶
小舌
咽
會厭
喉
鼻
m
ɱ
n̪
n
ȵ
ɳ
ɲ
ŋ
ɴ
爆
p
b
ȹ
ȸ
t̪
d̪
t
d
ȶ
ȡ
ʈ
ɖ
c
ɟ
k
ɡ
q
ɢ
ʡ
ʔ
擦
ɸ
β
f
v
θ
ð
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
ɕ
ʑ
ʂ
ʐ
ç
ʝ
x
ɣ
χ
ʁ
ħ
ʕ
ʜ
ʢ
h
ɦ
近
ʋ
ɹ
ɻ
j
ɰ
顫
ʙ
r
ʀ
я
閃
ⱱ̟
ⱱ
ɾ
ɽ
ɢ̆
ʡ̯
邊擦
ɬ
ɮ
ɭ˔̊
ʎ̥˔
ʟ̝̊
邊近
l
ɭ
ʎ
ʟ
邊閃
ɺ
ɺ̢
ʎ̯
輔音對：清 濁
ȹ = p̪ ȸ = b̪
非肺部氣流輔音
喌
ʘ
ǀ
ǃ
ǂ
ǁ
內爆
ɓ
ɗ
ʄ
ᶑ
ɠ
ʛ
噴
pʼ
tʼ
cʼ
ʈʼ
kʼ
qʼ
fʼ
θʼ
sʼ
ɬʼ
xʼ
χʼ
tsʼ
tɬʼ
cʎ̝̥ʼ
tʃʼ
ʈʂʼ
kxʼ
kʟ̝̊ʼ
非肺部氣流輔音
喌
內爆
噴
ʘ
雙脣
ɓ
雙脣
ʼ
譬如：
ǀ
齒
ɗ
齒齦
pʼ
雙脣
ǃ
齒齦（後）
ʄ
硬齶
tʼ
齒齦
ǂ
齶齒齦
ɠ
軟齶
kʼ
軟齶
ǁ
齒齦邊
ʛ
小舌
sʼ
齒齦擦
塞擦音
p̪f
ts
dz
tʃ
dʒ
tɕ
dʑ
ʈʂ
ɖʐ
tɬ
dɮ
cç
ɟʝ
協同調音輔音
擦
ɕ
ʑ
ɧ
近
ʍ
w
ɥ
ɫ
塞
k͡p
ɡ͡b
ŋ͡m
塞擦音和雙重調音輔音
連音符
合字
描述
t͡s
ʦ
清齒齦塞擦音
d͡z
ʣ
濁齒齦塞擦音
t͡ʃ
ʧ
清齦後塞擦音
d͡ʒ
ʤ
濁齦後塞擦音
t͡ɕ
ʨ
清齒齦-齶塞擦音
d͡ʑ
ʥ
濁齒齦-齶塞擦音
t͡ɬ
–
清齒齦邊塞擦音
k͡p
–
清脣-軟齶爆音
ɡ͡b
–
濁脣-軟齶爆音
ŋ͡m
–
脣-軟齶鼻塞音
協同調音輔音
ʍ
脣-軟齶清擦音
w
脣-軟齶濁近音
ɥ
脣-硬齶濁近音
ɕ ʑ
齒齦-齶擦音
ɧ
同時ʃ和x
k͜p t͡s
若有必要，塞擦音及雙重調音輔音可用連音符連接兩箇字母
元音
元音
前
次前
央
次後
後
出位
ʑ̩
·
ʑ̩ʷ
ɿ
ʅ
·
ʮ
ʯ
β̩
v̩
·
β̩ʷ
v̩ʷ
高
i
·
y
ɨ
·
ʉ
ɯ
·
u
次高
ɪ
·
ʏ
ᵻ
·
ᵿ
·
ʊ
中高
e
·
ø
ɘ
·
ɵ
ɤ
·
o
中
ᴇ
·
ø̞
ə
ɤ̞
·
o̞
中低
ɛ
·
œ
ɜ
·
ɞ
ʌ
·
ɔ
次低
æ
·
ɐ
低
a
·
ɶ
ᴀ
ɑ
·
ɒ
元音對：不圓脣 · 圓脣
ɿ = z̩ ʅ = ʐ̩ ʮ = z̩ʷ ʯ = ʐ̩ʷ ᴀ = ä ᴇ = e̞ ᵻ = ɪ̈ ᵿ = ʊ̈
附加符號
附加符號
音節
◌̩
ɹ̩ n̩
音節性
◌̯
e̯ ʊ̯
非音節性
除阻
◌ʰ
tʰ
送氣
◌̚
d̚
無聲除阻
◌ʱ
dʱ
◌ⁿ
dⁿ
鼻除阻
◌ˡ
dˡ
邊除阻
發聲態
◌̥
n̥ d̥
清化
◌̬
s̬ t̬
濁化
◌̤
b̤ a̤
氣化／弛化
◌̰
b̰ a̰
嘎裂化
調音
◌̪
t̪ d̪
齒化
◌̼
t̼ d̼
舌脣化
◌̺
t̺ d̺
舌櫼化
◌̻
t̻ d̻
舌葉化
◌̟
u̟ t̟
偏前
◌̠
i̠ t̠
偏後
◌̈
ë
ä
央化
◌̽
e̽ ɯ̽
中央化
◌̝
e̝ ɹ̝
偏高 (ɹ̝ = 齒齦濁擦音)
◌˔
˔
◌̞
e̞ β̞
偏低 (β̞ = 雙脣濁近音)
◌˕
˕
協同調音
◌̹
ɔ̹ x̹
更圓
◌̜
ɔ̜ x̜ʷ
略展
◌ʷ
tʷ dʷ
脣化或脣-軟齶化
◌ʲ
tʲ dʲ
齶化
◌ˠ
tˠ dˠ
軟齶化
◌ˤ
tˤ aˤ
咽化
◌ᶣ
tᶣ dᶣ
脣-齶化
◌̴
ɫ
ᵶ
軟齶化或咽化
◌̘
e̘ o̘
舌根前伸
◌̙
e̙ o̙
舌根後縮
◌̃
ẽ
z̃
鼻化
◌˞
ɚ
ɝ
日化
下方附加符號可放在有降部字母上方，譬如： ŋ̊ ŋ̍ ȷ̈
無點i，‹ı›，用于點干擾附加符號時。其他國際音標字母可用作附加符號變體：tˢ（擦除阻），bʱ（氣化／弛化），ˀa（喉開頭），ᵊ（插中性元音），oᶷ（複元音化）。“國際音標的擴展”引入了補充附加符號，主要用于言語病理學。
超音段音位
長短、重音、節奏
ˈ
ˈa
主重音
ˌ
ˌa
次重音
ː
aː kː
長
ˑ
aˑ
半長
◌̆
ə̆
超短
.
a.a
音節閒隔
‿
s‿a
連接 (閒隔不出現)
語調
|
小韻律羣／音步羣
‖
大韻律羣／語調群
↗
整體上升
↘
整體下降
聲調
e̋ ˥
超高
ě ˩˥
升
é ˦
高
ê ˥˩
降
ē ˧
中
e᷄ ˧˥
高升
è ˨
低
e᷅ ˩˥
低升
ȅ ˩
超低
e᷇ ˥˧
高降
e᷆ ˧˩
低降
ꜛke
升階
e᷉ ˧˩˧
降升
ꜜke
降階
e᷈ ˧˥˧
升降
聲調
五度標記
¹
²
³
⁴
⁵
單字調
˩
˨
˧
˦
˥
連續變調
꜖
꜕
꜔
꜓
꜒
聲調
調類
陰
陽
平
꜀
꜁
上
꜂
꜃
去
꜄
꜅
入
꜆
꜇
廢棄和非標準符號
Symbol or
exemplar
Name
Value
IPA
equivalent
Notes
?
question mark
glottal stop
[ʔ]
ƍ
turned small delta
labialized voiced alveolo-dental fricative
[ðʷ, zʷ]
σ
small sigma
labialized voiceless alveolo-dental fricative
[θʷ, sʷ]
ƺ
ezh with tail
labialized voiced postalveolar fricative
[ʒʷ]
ƪ
reversed esh with top loop
labialized voiceless postalveolar fricative
[ʃʷ]
ƻ
barred two
voiced alveolar affricate
[d͡z]
withdrawn 1976
ƾ
voiceless alveolar affricate
[t͡s]
Withdrawn 1976
ƞ
right-leg N
syllabic n
[n̩]
withdrawn 1976
ƫ
left-hook T
palatalized t
[tʲ]
withdrawn 1989
ʓ
curly-tail ezh
voiced alveolo-palatal(ized) fricative
[ʒʲ] or [ʑ]
withdrawn 1989
ʆ
curly-tail esh
voiceless alveolo-palatal(ized) fricative
[ʃʲ] or [ɕ]
withdrawn 1989
λ
lambda
voiced alveolar lateral affricate
[d͡ɮ]
Used by Americanists
ƛ
lambda bar
voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
[t͡ɬ]
Used by Americanists
ł
l bar
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
[ɬ]
Used by Americanists
š č ž
s c z with caron
postalveolars
[ʃ], [t͡ʃ], [ʒ]
Used by Americanists, Slavicists
ǰ, ǧ, ǯ
j, g, ezh with caron
voiced postalveolar affricate
[d͡ʒ]
Used by Americanists, Slavicists etc.
ẋ
x with dot
voiceless uvular fricative
[χ]
Used by Americanists
baby gamma
close-mid back unrounded vowel
[ɤ]
rejected 1989; Unicode LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) represents either glyph
ᵻ / ᵿ
barred small capital I / upsilon
near-close central unrounded / rounded vowel
[ɨ̞ / ʉ̞]
used by the OED among others
Ǝ
small capital turned E
close-mid near-back unrounded vowel
used by some Koreanologists who study Gyeongsang dialect, where there is no phonemic differentiation between /ʌ/ (RR eo; Hangul ㅓ) and /ɯ/ (RR eu; Hangul ㅡ).
ʚ
closed epsilon
open-mid central rounded vowel
[ɞ]
a misprint of ɞ
ɷ
closed omega
near-close near-back rounded vowel
[ʊ]
rejected 1989
ω
omega
near-close near-back unrounded vowel
[ʊ̜]
Made by analogy to ɜ and ɞ from ɷ or ʊ symbol.
ı
dotless small i
near-close near-front unrounded vowel
[ɪ]
a mistake
ȹ ȸ
voiceless and voiced labiodental plosive
[p̪ b̪]
used in Africanist linguistics
∅ or Ø
slashed 0 or uppercase slashed O
null initial
Usually used in phonology to mean "no sound values." However, in Chinese linguistics, some scholars considered it as "weak" glottal stop or something similar as sound value of the "existent" first consonant of syllables started by a vowel (e.g. ān in Tiān'ānmén), and this opinion can be connected with ㅇ (ieung) in hangul. ∅ can be confusing with close-mid front rounded vowel [ø].
ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ
hooktop P, T, C, K, Q
voiceless implosives
[ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̊]
withdrawn in 1993
ʇ
turned T
dental click
[ǀ]
superseded 1989
ʗ
stretched C
alveolar click
[ǃ]
superseded 1989
ʖ
inverted glottal stop
alveolar lateral click
[ǁ]
superseded 1989
ʞ
turned K
velar click
Proposed symbol withdrawn 1970; articulation judged impossible
ɩ
small iota
near-close near-front unrounded vowel
[ɪ]
rejected 1989
ɼ
long-leg R
voiced strident apico-alveolar trill (Czech ř)
[r̝]
withdrawn 1989
g
looptail g
voiced velar plosive
[ɡ]
The standard Unicode Basic Latin/ASCII lower-case g (U+0067) may have a "looptail g" glyph; the preferred IPA "open-tail g" (U+0261) is in the IPA Extensions Unicode block
ȣ
ou
close-mid back unrounded vowel or voiced velar fricative
[ɤ] or [ɣ]
a mistake in either case
я
reversed ʀ or Cyrillic ya
voiced epiglottal trill
ɿ
reversed fishhook R / turned iota
apical dental unrounded vowel
[z̩]
used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists studying the phonology of the Miyako language
ʅ
squat reversed esh (actually ɿ with retroflex tail)
apical retroflex unrounded vowel
[ʐ̩]
used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels
ʮ
turned h with fishhook
apical dental rounded vowel
[z̩ʷ]
used by Sinologists
ʯ
turned h with fishhook and tail
apical retroflex rounded vowel
[ʐ̩ʷ]
used by Sinologists
ᴀ
small capital A
open central vowel
any of [ä a̱ ɑ̈ ɑ̞ ɐ̞]
used by Sinologists
ᴀ
small capital A
open back unrounded vowel
[ɑ]
superseded 1900
ᴇ
small capital E
mid front unrounded vowel
[e̞] or [ɛ̝]
used by Sinologists and some Koreanologists
G R Πetc.
uppercase letters
[ɢ ʀ ɶ] etc.
Uppercase alternatives to symbols shaped like small capitals
Q
small capital Q
gemination
[kk tt] or [kː tː] etc.
Used in Japanese phonology to represent the Sokuon.
belted
Voiceless lateral fricatives (retroflex, palatal and velar)
[ɭ̥̝ ʎ̥̝ ʟ̥̝]
ɑ̢ etc.
underdot
("retroflex" or r-colored vowels)
[ɑ˞] etc.
ȡ ȶ ȵ ȴ etc. or d̂ t̂ n̂ l̂ etc.
curl or circumflex
alveolo-palatal
used by Sinologists
k', etc.
no audible release
[k̚], etc.
Withdrawn
d̡ t̡ etc.
subscript left hook
palatalization
[dʲ tʲ] etc.
superseded 1989
k̫ etc.
subscript w
labialization
[kʷ] etc.
superseded 1989
K P T etc.
uppercase letters (not small capitals)
fortis
[k͈ p͈ t͈], etc.
used by some Koreanologists
ɔ̗ / ɔ̖ etc.
lower-pitched rising / falling tone contour
In a language which distinguishes more than one rising or falling tone.
k‘ t‘ or kʻ tʻ
left quote or reversed comma
"weak" (or sometimes "normal") aspiration
[k t] (sometimes [kʰ tʰ])
First symbol may be left single quotation mark (U+2018) or modifier letter apostrophe (U+02BC); second symbol may be single high-reversed-9 quotation mark (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD)
ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ etc.
ligatures
affricates
[ts dz tʃ dʒ] etc. or [t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] etc.
Formerly an acceptable variant
[p′] etc.
prime
palatalization
[pʲ] etc.
Traditional in accounts of Irish phonology